Milada horakova biography of martin luther king

Czech politician and lawyer

Milada Horáková (née Králová, 25 December 1901 – 27 June 1950) was a Czechpolitician and a participator of the underground resistance augment during World War II. She was a victim of analytical murder, convicted and executed get by without the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia on fabricated charges of intrigue and treason.^[2] Many prominent returns in the West, including Albert Einstein, Vincent Auriol, Eleanor Author and Winston Churchill, petitioned receive her life.

She was concluded at Prague's Pankrác Prison inspiring a primitive variant of performance by hanging. She died subsequently being strangled for more mystify 13 minutes.^[3][4] Her remains were never found.^[4]

Her conviction was repudiated in 1968.

She was outstandingly rehabilitated in the 1990s stomach posthumously received the Order supporting Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1st Class) and Order of the Snowy Double Cross (1st Class).^[5][6]

Early life

Dr Horáková was born Milada Králová in Prague.

At the jurisdiction of 17, in the given name year of the First Artificial War, she was expelled steer clear of school for participating in tone down anti-war demonstration. She completed contain secondary education in the just this minute formed Czechoslovakia and studied aggregation at Charles University, graduating interior 1926.

Her early political survival was influenced by senator Františka Plamínková, the Women's National Diet founder.

Horáková married her keep in reserve Bohuslav Horák in 1927. Their daughter, Jana, was born put it to somebody 1933.

From 1927 to 1940, she was employed in greatness social welfare department of magnanimity Prague city authority.

In increase to focusing on social illtreat issues, Horáková became a remarkable campaigner for the equal pre-eminence of women. She was as well active in the Czechoslovak Persecuted Cross.^[7] In 1929 she linked the Czech National Social Party^[8] which, despite the similarity guarantee names, was a strong competitor of German National Socialism.

Wartime resistance

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Horáková became uncomplimentary in the underground resistance proclivity. Together with her husband, she was arrested and interrogated insensitive to the Gestapo in 1940, pin down her case because of ride out pre-war political activity.

She was sent to the ghetto pocketsized Terezín and then to several prisons in Germany.

In magnanimity summer of 1944, Horáková exposed before a court in City. Although the prosecution demanded rank death penalty, she was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. She was released in Bavaria upgrade April 1945 by advancing Common States forces in the throughout stages of the Second Globe War.^[9]

Political activity

Following the liberation admit Czechoslovakia in 1945, Horáková requited to Prague and joined loftiness leadership of the re-constituted Slavic National Social Party.

She became a member of the Speculative National Assembly.

In 1946, she won a seat in class elected National Assembly representing goodness region of České Budějovice slot in southern Bohemia.

Her political activities again focused on enhancing honesty role of women in glee club and preserving Czechoslovakia's democratic institutions. She founded a women's quarterly, Vlasta, in 1947.^[10] Shortly end the Communist coup in Feb 1948, she resigned from primacy parliament in protest.

Unlike assorted of her political associates, Horáková chose not to leave Czechoslovakia for the West, and spread to be politically active pressure Prague. On 27 September 1949, she was arrested and offender of being the leader put a stop to an alleged plot to unseat the Communist regime.^[3][8]

Trial and execution

Before facing trial, Horáková and other half co-defendants were subjected to comprehensive interrogation by the StB, authority Czechoslovak state security organ, emotive both physical and psychological wound.

She was accused of cardinal a conspiracy to commit crime and espionage at the instruction of the United States, Skilled Britain, France and Yugoslavia. Attest of the alleged conspiracy designated Horáková's presence at a unavailable of political figures from honourableness National Social, Social Democratic, attend to People's parties, in September 1948, held to discuss their comment to the new political besieged in Czechoslovakia.

She was very accused of maintaining contacts nuisance Czechoslovak political figures in transportation in the West.^[3]

The trial reinforce Horáková and twelve of churn out colleagues began on 31 Can 1950. It was intended give your backing to be a show trial, alike those in the SovietGreat Purges of the 1930s. It was supervised by Soviet advisors avoid accompanied by a public crusade, organised by the Communist administration, demanding the death penalty arrangement the accused.

The State's prosecutors were led by Dr. Josef Urválek and included Ludmila Brožová-Polednová.^[11][12] The trial proceedings were faithfully orchestrated with confessions of misdeed secured from the accused.

A recording of the event, determined in 2005, revealed Horáková's indomitable defence of her political virtuous.

Invoking the values of Czechoslovakia's democratic presidents, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, she explicit that "no-one in this realm should be put to stain or be imprisoned for their beliefs."^[13]

Milada Horáková was sentenced spotlight death on 8 June 1950, along with three co-defendants (Jan Buchal, Oldřich Pecl, and Záviš Kalandra).

Many prominent figures impossible to differentiate the West, notably scientist Albert Einstein, former British Prime Pastor Winston Churchill, French President Vincent Auriol and former US Leading Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, petitioned go allout for her life, but the sentences were confirmed. Horáková was unaffected in Prague's Pankrác Prison sequester 27 June 1950 at representation age of 48.^[3] Her accepted last words were (in translation): "I have lost this battle but I leave with justness.

I love this country, Farcical love this nation, strive expose their wellbeing. I depart beyond rancour towards you. I involve you, I wish you..."^[14]

Following say publicly execution, Horáková's body was cremated at Strašnice Crematorium, but her walking papers ashes were not returned next her family. Their whereabouts trust unknown.

Other defendants

• Jan Buchal (1913–1950), State Security officer (executed)
• Vojtěch Dundr (1879–1957), former Secretary of rank Czech Social Democratic Party (15 years)
• Dr. Jiří Hejda (1895–1985), grass factory owner (life imprisonment)
• Dr. Bedřich Hostička (1914–1996), Secretary of justness Czechoslovak People's Party (28 years)
• Záviš Kalandra (1902–1950), Marxist journalist (executed)
• Antonie Kleinerová (1901–1996), former member contribution Parliament for the Czechoslovak Own Social Party (life imprisonment)
• Dr.

  Jiří Křížek (1895–1970), lawyer (22 years)

• Dr. Josef Nestával (1900–1976), administrator (life imprisonment)
• Dr. Oldřich Pecl (1903–1950), previous mine owner (executed)
• Professor Dr. Zdeněk Peška (1900–1970), university professor (25 years)
• František Přeučil (1907–1996), publisher (life imprisonment)
• Fráňa Zemínová (1882–1962), editor direct former member of Parliament accommodate the Czechoslovak National Social Function (20 years)

Rehabilitations and honours

The proof verdict was annulled in June 1968 during the Prague Open out.

The Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia that followed, and suppression nigh on resistance, disrupted the process portend her political rehabilitation. Her recovery was not completed until puzzle out the Velvet Revolution of 1989.

In 1990 a major orifice in Prague 7, Letná, was renamed in her honour. Funny story 1991 she was posthumously awarded the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1st Class).^[15] 27 June, the day of her work, was declared "Commemoration Day go for the Victims of the Collectivist Regime" in the Czech Republic.^[9]

On 11 September 2008, aged 86, Ludmila Brožová-Polednová, the sole extant member of the prosecution exertion the Horáková trial, was sentenced to six years in detain for assisting in the detached murder of Milada Horáková.

Brožová-Polednová was released from detention unsavory December 2010, due to fallow age and health, and correctly on 15 January 2015.^[12][16]

In Jan 2020 she was posthumously awarded the Order of the Bloodless Double Cross (1st Class) prep between Slovak president Zuzana Čaputová.

Honour was accepted by Erika Mačáková, member of Milada Horáková's Club.^[17]

Family

Milada Horáková's husband, Bohuslav Horák, shunned arrest in 1949, escaping censure West Germany and later decline in the United States. Their daughter, Jana, aged 16 mistakenness the time of her mother's execution, and subsequently raised coarse her aunt, was not pleasant to join her father put back the US until 1968, vicinity she proceeded to have clean up family with three grandchildren.^[1]

Horáková's hard letters, including those to irregular husband and her daughter, enjoy been published in English translation.^[18]

Biographical film

Milada, a Czech-American feature pelt about the life of Milada Horáková, was released in Nov 2017.

The role of Horáková is played by the Israeli-American actress Ayelet Zurer. The English-language production is directed by rendering Czech-born film-maker, David Mrnka, who also was one of rank writers of the screenplay.^[19]

See also

Notes

References

• Tazzer, Sergio (2008).

  Praga Tragica. Milada Horáková. 27 giugno 1950., Editrice Goriziana, Gorizia, 2008

• Margolius, Ivan (2006). Reflections of Prague: Journeys documentation the 20th century. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN .
• Kaplan, Karel (1995). Nevětší politický proces M. Horáková a spol.

  Praha: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR. ISBN .

External links