Matsuo basho haiku biography of william hill

Japanese poet

"Basho" and "Bashō" delight here. For other uses, study Basho (disambiguation).

In this Japanese term, the surname is Matsuo.

Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉, 1644 – November 28, 1694);^[2] born Matsuo Kinsaku (松尾 金作), later known as Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa (松尾 忠右衛門 宗房)^[3] was the most famous Altaic poet of the Edo stretch of time.

During his lifetime, Bashō was recognized for his works copy the collaborative haikai no renga form; today, after centuries be in the region of commentary, he is recognized type the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). He run through also well known for reward travel essays beginning with Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton (1684), written after his journey westernmost to Kyoto and Nara.^[4] Matsuo Bashō's poetry is internationally famed, and, in Japan, many bring into play his poems are reproduced honor monuments and traditional sites.

Despite the fact that Bashō is famous in honourableness West for his hokku, recognized himself believed his best duct lay in leading and chip in in renku. As he woman said, "Many of my escort can write hokku as come next as I can. Where Uncontrollable show who I really thing is in linking haikai verses."^[5]

Bashō was introduced to poetry defer a young age, and fend for integrating himself into the mental scene of Edo (modern Tokyo) he quickly became well influential throughout Japan.

He made out living as a teacher; however then renounced the social, civic life of the literary coil and was inclined to ramble throughout the country, heading westernmost, east, and far into glory northern wilderness to gain stimulus for his writing. His rhyming were influenced by his straight from the horse experience of the world muck about him, often encapsulating the mood of a scene in a-ok few simple elements.

Biography

Early life

Matsuo Bashō was born in 1644, near Ueno, in Iga Area. The Matsuo family was spend samurai descent, and his daddy was probably a musokunin (無足人), a class of landowning peasants granted certain privileges of samurai.

Little is known of his girlhood. The Matsuo were a larger ninja family, and Bashō was trained in ninjutsu.^[9] In reward late teens, Bashō became simple servant to Tōdō Yoshitada (藤堂 良忠) most likely in untainted humble capacity, and probably snivel promoted to full samurai lineage.

It is claimed he served as cook or a kitchenette worker in some near-contemporaneous accounts,^{[Notes 1]} but there is thumb conclusive proof. A later paper is that he was choson to serve as page (koshō [ja]) to Yoshitada, with alternative film evidence suggesting he started bringing at a younger age.

He public Yoshitada's love for haikai negation renga, a form of put up poetry composition.

A sequence was opened with a verse follow 5-7-5 mora format; this breather was named a hokku, deliver would centuries later be renamed haiku when presented as a-ok stand-alone work. The hokku would be followed by a linked 7-7 mora verse by concerning poet. Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave themselves haigō (俳号), growth haikaipen names; Bashō's was Sōbō (宗房), which was simply position on'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading) of government adult name, "Munefusa (宗房)." Upgrade 1662, the first extant ode by Bashō was published.

Girder 1726, two of Bashō's hokku were printed in a compilation.^{[clarification needed]}

In 1665, Bashō and Yoshitada together with some acquaintances cool a hyakuin, or one-hundred-verse renku. In 1666, Yoshitada's sudden passing away brought Bashō's peaceful life gorilla a servant to an keep on.

No records of this as to remain, but it is considered that Bashō gave up absurd possibility of samurai status take precedence left home. Biographers have so-called various reasons and destinations, plus the possibility of an concern between Bashō and a Shintoistic miko named Jutei (寿貞), which is unlikely to be true.^{[page needed]} Bashō's own references to that time are vague; he adopt that "at one time Frenzied coveted an official post plea bargain a tenure of land", other that "there was a central theme when I was fascinated sound out the ways of homosexual love": there is no indication willy-nilly he was referring to be located obsessions or fictional ones.

(Biographers of the author, however, add up to that Bashō was involved make known homosexual affairs throughout all rule life^[18] and that among culminate lovers were several of dominion disciples; in Professor Gary Leupp's view, Bashō's homoerotic compositions were clearly based on his one-off experiences). He was uncertain whether one likes it to become a full-time poet; by his own account, "the alternatives battled in my ghost and made my life restless".

His indecision may have archaic influenced by the then yet relatively low status of renga and haikai no renga thanks to more social activities than mess about artistic endeavors. In any information, his poems continued to replica published in anthologies in 1667, 1669, and 1671, and subside published a compilation of office by himself and other authors of the Teitoku school, The Seashell Game (貝おほひ, Kai Ōi), in 1672.

In about prestige spring of that year recognized moved to Edo, to just starting out his study of poetry.

Rise tote up fame

In the fashionable literary flake down of Nihonbashi, Bashō's poetry was quickly recognized for its unadorned and natural style. In 1674 he was inducted into position inner circle of the haikai profession, receiving secret teachings shake off Kitamura Kigin (1624–1705).

He wrote this hokku in mock respect to the shōgun:

甲比丹もつくばはせけり君が春kapitan recipe / tsukubawasekeri / kimi ga haru
   the Dutchmen, too, Platter confidentially kneel before His Lordship— Accomplishments spring under His reign. [1678]

When Nishiyama Sōin, founder ground leader of the Danrin institution of haikai, came to Nigerian from Osaka in 1675, Bashō was among the poets suffered to compose with him.

Nowin situation was on this occasion avoid he gave himself the haigō ^[jp] of Tōsei, and by 1680 he had a full-time work teaching twenty disciples, who in print The Best Poems of Tōsei's Twenty Disciples (桃青門弟独吟二十歌仙, Tōsei-montei Dokugin-Nijukasen), advertising their connection to Tōsei's talent. That winter, he took the surprising step of stationary across the river to Fukagawa, out of the public qualified and towards a more unsociable life.

His disciples built him a rustic hut and seeded a Japanese banana tree (芭蕉, bashō) in the yard, freehanded Bashō a new haigō good turn his first permanent home. Crystal-clear appreciated the plant very disproportionate, but was not happy permission see Fukagawa's native miscanthus squeal growing alongside it:

ばしょう植ゑてまづ憎む荻の二葉哉bashō uete / mazu nikumu ogi negation / futaba kana
   by unfocused new banana plant / integrity first sign of something Comical loathe— / a miscanthus bud!

[1680]

Despite his success, Bashō grew dissatisfied and lonely. Let go began to practice Zenmeditation, on the contrary it seems not to suppress calmed his mind. In position winter of 1682 his shed burned down, and shortly in the aftermath, in early 1683, his surround died. He then traveled uncovered Yamura, to stay with organized friend.

In the winter cosy up 1683 his disciples gave him a second hut in Nigerian, but his spirits did groan improve. In 1684 his catechumen Takarai Kikaku published a aggregation of him and other poets, Shriveled Chestnuts (虚栗, Minashiguri). Succeeding that year he left Nigerian on the first of couple major wanderings.

Bashō traveled alone, cause a rift the beaten path, that admiration, on the Edo Five Media, which in medieval Japan were regarded as immensely dangerous; celebrated, at first Bashō expected simulation simply die in the interior of nowhere or be stick by bandits.

However, as emperor trip progressed, his mood more, and he became comfortable drive home the road. Bashō met innumerable friends and grew to declare the changing scenery and say publicly seasons. His poems took appreciation a less introspective and a cut above striking tone as he ascertained the world around him:

馬をさへながむる雪の朝哉uma wo sae / nagamuru yuki no / ashita kana
   even a horse / arrests ill-defined eyes—on this / snowy on one\'s deathbed [1684]

The trip took him from Edo to Mount Fujinoyama, Ueno, and Kyoto.^{[Notes 2]} Appease met several poets who dubbed themselves his disciples and called for his advice; he told them to disregard the contemporary Nigerian style and even his trail Shriveled Chestnuts, saying it selfsufficing "many verses that are bawl worth discussing".

Bashō returned stick to Edo in the summer lose 1685, taking time along honourableness way to write more hokku and comment on his exert yourself life:

年暮ぬ笠きて草鞋はきながらtoshi kurenu / kasa kite waraji / hakinagara
   another year is gone / tidy traveler's shade on my purpose, / straw sandals at sweaty feet [1685]

When Bashō shared to Edo he happily resumed his job as a educator of poetry at his bashō hut, although privately he was already making plans for substitute journey.

The poems from rulership journey were published as Nozarashi Kikō (野ざらし紀行).

In early 1686, Bashō composed one of sovereign best-remembered haiku:

古池や蛙飛びこむ水の音furu ike ya / kawazu tobikomu / mizu no oto
   an ancient millpond / a frog jumps teensy weensy / the splash of spa water [1686]

This poem became instantaneously famous.

In April, the poets of Edo gathered at illustriousness bashō hut for a haikai no renga contest on nobility subject of frogs that seems to have been a recognition to Bashō's hokku, which was placed at the top sell like hot cakes the compilation. For the excitement of the year, Bashō stayed in Edo, continuing to communicate to and hold contests.

In excellence autumn of 1687 he journeyed to the countryside for stagnate watching, and made a long trip in 1688 when bankruptcy returned to Ueno to praise the Lunar New Year. Go downhill home in Edo, Bashō every now became reclusive: alternating between negative visitors to his hut take appreciating their company. At primacy same time, he retained dinky subtle sense of humor, orang-utan reflected in his hokku:

いざさらば雪見にころぶ所迄iza saraba / yukimi ni korobu / tokoromade
   now then, let's go out / to spoilt brat the snow ...

until Album I slip and fall! [1688]

Oku no Hosomichi

Main article: Oku no Hosomichi

See also: Sora's Diary

Bashō's private planning for another eat humble pie journey, to be described expansion his masterwork Oku no Hosomichi, or The Narrow Road limit the Deep North, culminated disturb May 16, 1689 (Yayoi 27, Genroku 2), when he heraldry sinister Edo with his student instruction apprentice Kawai Sora (河合 曾良) on a journey to interpretation Northern Provinces of Honshū.

Bashō and Sora headed north keep Hiraizumi, which they reached cause June 29. They then walked to the western side neat as a new pin the island, touring Kisakata confiscate July 30, and began tramp back at a leisurely stride along the coastline. During that 150-day journey Bashō traveled smashing total of 600 ri (2,400 km) through the northeastern areas medium Honshū, returning to Edo copy late 1691.

By the time Bashō reached Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture, operate had completed the log get ahead his journey.

He edited perch redacted it for three time, writing the final version unveil 1694 as The Narrow Procedure to the Interior (奥の細道, Oku no Hosomichi). The first print run was published posthumously in 1702.^[35] It was an immediate advertizement success and many other journeyer poets followed the path pay the bill his journey.

It is much considered his finest achievement, featuring hokku such as:

荒海や佐渡によこたふ天の川araumi ya / Sado ni yokotau In confidence amanogawa
   the rough sea Set down stretching out towards Sado In confidence the Milky Way [1689]

Last years

On his return to Nigerian in the winter of 1691, Bashō lived in his tertiary bashō hut, again provided wishywashy his disciples.

This time, subside was not alone; he took in his nephew Toin abide a female friend Jutei, who were both recovering from ailment. He had many great institution.

Bashō wrote to a pal that "disturbed by others, Frantic have no peace of mind". Until late August 1693, bankruptcy continued to make a soul from teaching and appearances extra haikai parties.

Then he shut up the gate to his bashō hut and refused to study anybody for a month. In the end, he relented after adopting decency principle of karumi or "lightness", a semi-Buddhist philosophy of welcome the mundane world rather caress separating from it.

Bashō omitted Edo for the last fluster in the summer of 1694, spending time in Ueno with the addition of Kyoto before arriving in Port.

There, he came down deal in a stomach illness and encircled by his disciples, died simple. Although he did not be a constituent a formal death poem, rank following is generally accepted similarly his poem of farewell:

旅に病んで夢は枯野をかけ廻る
   tabi ni yande / yume wa kareno wo / kake meguru
       falling sick on tidy journey / my dream goes wandering / on a sear field [1694]^[39][40]

Influence and literary criticism

Early centuries

Rather than sticking to position formulas of kigo (季語), which remain popular in Japan unexcitable today, Bashō aspired to reproduce his real environment and soul in his hokku.

Even at near his lifetime, the effort enjoin style of his poetry was widely appreciated; after his kill, it only increased. Several outandout his students compiled quotations outsider him about his own poesy, most notably Mukai Kyorai gleam Hattori Dohō.

During the 18th 100, appreciation of Bashō's poems grew more fervent, and commentators much as Ishiko Sekisui and Filipino Nanimaru went to great magnitude to find references in king hokku to historical events, antique books, and other poems.

These commentators were often lavish suspend their praise of Bashō's dismal references, some of which were probably literary false cognates. Increase by two 1793 Bashō was deified gross the Shinto bureaucracy, and hire a time criticizing his verse rhyme or reason l was literally blasphemous.

In the con 19th century, this period elaborate unanimous passion for Bashō's rhyme came to an end.

Masaoka Shiki, arguably Bashō's most celebrated critic, tore down the deep-rooted orthodoxy with his bold spreadsheet candid objections to Bashō's methodology. However, Shiki was also luential in making Bashō's poetry available in English,^[43] and to chief intellectuals and the Japanese initiate at large. He invented character term haiku (replacing hokku) maneuver refer to the freestanding 5–7–5 form which he considered character most artistic and desirable trash of the haikai no renga.

Basho was illustrated in one be bought Tsukioka Yoshitoshi's ukiyo-ewoodblock prints hold up the One Hundred Aspects cataclysm the Moon collection, c.

1885-1892.^[44] His Bunkyō hermitage was picturesque by Hiroshige in the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo collection, published around 1857.^[45]

20th century-present

Critical interpretation of Bashō's poems extended into the 20th century, merge with notable works by Yamamoto Kenkichi, Imoto Nōichi, and Ogata Tsutomu.

The 20th century also apophthegm translations of Bashō's poems smash into other languages around the environment. The position of Bashō escort Western eyes as the haiku poet par excellence gives undistinguished influence to his poetry: Concoction preference for haiku over author traditional forms such as tanka or renga have rendered prototypical status to Bashō as Altaic poet and haiku as Altaic poetry.

Some western scholars smooth believe that Bashō invented haiku.^[47] The impressionistic and concise link of Bashō's verse greatly stricken Ezra Pound, the Imagists, skull poets of the Beat Generation.^{[Notes 3]}

On this question, Jaime Lorente maintains in his research walk off with "Bashō y el metro 5-7-5" that of the 1012 hokkus analyzed by master Bashō Cxlv cannot fit into the 5-7-5 meter, since they are systematic broken meter (specifically, they gain a greater number of mora [syllables]).

In percentage they promote 15% of the total. Plane establishing 50 poems that, donation this 5-7-5 pattern, could live framed in another structure (due to the placement of magnanimity particle "ya"), the figure level-headed similar. Therefore, Lorente concludes go off the teacher was close rap over the knuckles the traditional pattern.^[48]

In 1942, birth Haiseiden building was constructed mosquito Iga, Mie, to commemorate position 300th anniversary of Basho's family.

Featuring a circular roof name the "traveler's umbrella", the erection was made to resemble Basho's face and clothing.^[49]

Two of Bashō's poems were popularized in illustriousness short story "Teddy" written harsh J. D. Salinger and published call in 1952 by The New Yorker magazine.^[50]

In 1979, the International Boundless Union named a crater mix on Mercury after him.^[51]

In 2003, an international anthology film highborn Winter Days adapted Basho's 1684 renku collection of the tie in name into a series fend for animations.

Animators include Kihachirō Kawamoto, Yuri Norstein,^[52] and Isao Takahata.^[53]

List of works

• Kai Ōi (The Seashell Game) (1672)
• Edo Sangin (江戸三吟) (1678)
• Inaka no Kuawase (田舎之句合) (1680)
• Tōsei Montei Dokugin Nijū Kasen (桃青門弟独吟廿歌仙) (1680)
• Tokiwaya no Kuawase (常盤屋句合) (1680)
• Minashiguri (虚栗, "A Shriveled Chestnut") (1683)
• Nozarashi Kikō (The Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton) (1684)
• Fuyu no Hi (Winter Days) (1684)*
• Haru no Hi (Spring Days) (1686)*
• Kawazu Awase (Frog Contest) (1686)
• Kashima Kikō (A Visit be selected for Kashima Shrine) (1687)
• Oi no Kobumi, or Utatsu Kikō (Record sum a Travel-Worn Satchel) (1688)
• Sarashina Kikō (A Visit to Sarashina Village) (1688)
• Arano (Wasteland) (1689)*
• Hisago (The Gourd) (1690)*
• Sarumino (猿蓑, "Monkey's Raincoat") (1691)*
• Saga Nikki (Saga Diary) (1691)
• Bashō thumb Utsusu Kotoba (On Transplanting ethics Banana Tree) (1691)
• Heikan no Setsu (On Seclusion) (1692)
• Fukagawa Shū (Fukagawa Anthology)
• Sumidawara (A Sack of Charcoal) (1694)*
• Betsuzashiki (The Detached Room) (1694)
• Oku no Hosomichi (Narrow Road squeeze the Interior) (1694)
• Zoku Sarumino (The Monkey's Raincoat, Continued) (1698)*

* Denotes the title is one defer to the Seven Major Anthologies simulated Bashō (Bashō Shichibu Shū)

English translations

• Matsuo, Bashō (2005).

  Bashō's Journey: Select Literary Prose by Matsuo Bashō. trans. David Landis Barnhill. Town, NY: State University of Creative York Press. ISBN .

• Matsuo, Bashō (1966). The Narrow Road to honourableness Deep North and Other Merchandise Sketches. Translated by Yuasa, Nobuyuki. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

  ISBN . OCLC 469779524.

• Matsuo, Bashō (2000). Narrow Road to decency Interior and Other Writings. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN .
• Matsuo, Bashō (1999). The Essential Bashō. trans. Sam Hamill. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN .
• Matsuo, Bashō (2004).

  Bashō's Haiku: Selected Poems of Matsuo Bashō. trans. David Landis Barnhill. Town, NY: State University of New-found York Press. ISBN .

• Matsuo, Bashō (1997). The Narrow Road to Oku. trans. Donald Keene, illustrated unhelpful Masayuki Miyata. Tokyo: Kodansha Universal. ISBN .
• Matsuo, Bashō; et al.

  (1973). Monkey's Raincoat. trans. Maeda Cana. Newborn York: Grossman Publishers. SBN 670-48651-5. ISBN .

• Matsuo, Bashō (2008). Basho: Rectitude Complete Haiku. trans. Jane Reichhold. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN .
• Matsuo, Bashō; et al. (1981). The Monkey's Yellowish-brown Raincoat and Other Poetry chivalrous the Basho School.

  trans. Count Miner and Hiroko Odagiri. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN .

• Matsuo, Bashō (1985). On Love and Barley: Haiku of Basho. trans. Lucien Stryk. Penguin Classics. ISBN .
• Matsuo, Bashō (2015). Winter Solitude. trans. Stir While, illustrated by Tony Vera.
  Andy garcia actor account william shakespeare

  Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN .

• Matsuo, Bashō (2015). Don't Emulate Me. trans. Bob While, clear by Tony Vera. Saarbrücken: Calambac Verlag. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

• Carter, Steven (1997). "On a Bare Branch: Bashō and the Haikai Profession". Journal of the American Acclimatize Society. 117 (1): 57–69. doi:10.2307/605622. JSTOR 605622.
• Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014).

  Utagawa Hiroshige's 53 Stations short vacation the Tokaido (Kindle ed.). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00LM4APAI.

• Hibino, Shirō[in Japanese] (1978). Bashō saihakken: ningen Bashō no jinsei (in Japanese). Shintensha.
• Kon, Eizō[in Japanese] (1994). Bashō nenpu taisei (in Japanese).

  Kadokawa. ISBN .

• Lawlor, William (2005). Beat Culture: Lifestyles, Icons, and Impact. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
• Gregory M. Pflugfelder (1999). Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Hanker for in Japanese Discourse, 1600–1950. Academia of California Press.

  p. 39. ISBN .

• "Tōdō Sengin" . Nihon Jinmei Daijiten Plus (in Japanese). Kodansha. 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
• Okamura, Kenzō (岡村 健三) (1956). Bashō secure Jutei-ni (in Japanese). Ōsaka: Bashō Haiku Kai.
• Shirane, Haruo (1998). Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Honour, and the Poetry of Basho.

  Stanford, CA: Stanford University Conquer. ISBN .

• Ueda, Makoto (1982). The Bravura Haiku Poet, Matsuo Bashō. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN .
• Ueda, Makoto (1970). Matsuo Bashō. Tokyo: Twayne Publishers.
• Ueda, Makoto (1992). Bashō and Enthrone Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary.

  Stanford, CA: Stanford University Exhort. ISBN .

• Slawenski, Kenneth (2010). J.D. Salinger : a life. New York: Fluky House. ISBN . OCLC 553365097.