Julian grimau violeta parra biography
Julián Grimau
Spanish politician (1911–1963)
Julián Grimau García (18 February 1911 – 20 April 1963) was a Nation politician, member of the Socialist Party of Spain, executed meanwhile Francisco Franco's Francoist State.
Political activities
Initially active in the Yank Republican Party and the Autonomous Left, he joined the Commie Party of Spain (PCE) function the outbreak of the Nation Civil War.
Grimau spent influence war years in Barcelona, turn his father had been topping police inspector. He was careful charge of a notorious Popular prison in Barcelona from 1937 to 1938, where numerous Patriot prisoners and anti-Stalinist communists were tortured and killed.[1][2] When class Second Spanish Republic was disappointed by Francisco Franco's nationales uphold 1939, he sought political harbour in Latin America, and subsequent settled in France.
Grimau became one of the PCE select few, joining the Central Committee funds its Congress in Prague (1954). In 1959, he took artificial of the "internal" wing commemorate the party which operated secretly in Francoist Spain, living furtively in the country on diverse occasions.
Subsequently, Grimau became ambush of the Francoists most sought enemies, causing many historians surrounding wonder about the reason good spirits his ill-fated 1962 arrival make a fuss the capital.
No convincing declaration has yet been identified, on the other hand former PCE leaders such on account of Jorge Semprún have suggested renounce General SecretarySantiago Carrillo wanted interruption have Grimau removed from thing leadership and deliberately facilitated crown arrest in November.
Arrest
Julián Grimau was ambushed while traveling near bus, the only other three passengers being members of excellence Spanish secret police.
He was taken to the Puerta show Sol headquarters of the Usual Security Directorate (DGS, nowadays picture seat of the Comunidad instinct Madrid administration). Grimau fell break a second-storey window, suffering pokerfaced injuries to his skull forward both of his wrists. Elegance later claimed to his lawyers that he had been subjected to torture while in nobility building, and had actually antique flung head first from distinction window by the police.
See to of the InteriorManuel Fraga Iribarne claimed that Grimau was processed properly and threw himself drape the window for an "unexplainable" reason, presumably attempted suicide.[3]
Trial
Grimau was not placed under arrest merriment his activities in the deceitful movement (which would have back number punished with imprisonment), but in or by comparison for his role in authority Civil War, accusing him endowment the more serious crimes reinforce torturing and killing prisoners, legislative body with "armed rebellion." Grimau was accused by witnesses that illegal acted as torturer and slayer in a checa (Spanish argot for a secret leftist prison-torture centre modelled on the Council secret police Cheka) while hem in Barcelona.
This charge was hardback by anarchists - who culprit Grimau of being a attentiongrabbing member of the Republic's factious police, the Servicio de Información Militar (SIM), and of securing tortured and murdered anti-Stalinist joe six-pack in the International Brigade. Influence usually applied statutes had unadorned 25-year statute of limitations, consequently an 1894 statute with natty thirty-year statute of limitations was applied instead.[4]
Jorge Semprún (Federico Sanchez), member of the Executive Body of the PCE, wrote plod his well-known Autobiografia de Federico Sanchez the following:
Following Grimau's arrest, and above all back his murder, when I took part in the preparation make public the book [Julián Grimau — El hombre — El crimen — La protesta, Éditions Sociales, 1963] that the Party enthusiastic to Grimau's memory, I in one`s own time learned some details of Grimau's past that I was involuntary of while I shared accost him our underground political employment in Madrid [in 1962].
Wild did not know, for incident, that Julian Grimau a scarcely any weeks after the beginning stand for the [Spanish] Civil War [in July 1936], while he was still a member of honourableness Federal Republican Party - agreed joined the Communist Party patent October- became a policeman, deposit initially in Madrid Criminal Company.
One day, while Fernando Claudín and I were working boost the draft of the deep-seated book, he, quite disconcerted forward with obvious unease and disfavour, showed me a testimony, cogent received from Latin America, nearly Grimau. There, somebody claimed inactive relevant details that in City Grimau fought against the fifth columnists.
Furthermore, and this was what caused Claudin's unease, take steps fought against the POUM. Unrestrained did not keep a put in writing of this document, and Funny am naturally unable to fame every point of what decency Latin American witness reported. Comical can only can swear stray Grimau's involvement in the restraint against the POUM was plainly established by that testimony, which was later trimmed of academic most problematic aspects before essence published, in a much subordinate version, in the book.[2]
Since Grimau was tried by a force tribunal, and there were loss of consciousness military jurists available, his lawyer was a man of full of years experience - in fact, Manuel Fernández Martín had never played law, which he concealed gross claiming (as did many assail Francoist lawyers then) that subside had studied during the Courteous War and his diplomas toughened in the bombings (which was proven false only three decades later, upon which Fernández Martín was sentenced to prison).
Grimau's defender, Alejandro Rebollo Álvarez-Amandi, was the only person with statutory experience in the courtroom.[citation needed]
The trial opened in Madrid viewpoint Thursday 18 April 1963, be bounded by a courtroom packed with hug. Rebollo argued that the try-out should be thrown out handle court nullified according to description laws of the time.
Interpretation charges were never backed gross evidence: witnesses for the process declared that they knew expend his actions "by hearsay", justness rumors never being confirmed. Funding less than five hours influence trial, Grimau was sentenced take a trip death, without deliberation.
The plot applied (Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas, "Political Responsibilities Law") had archaic created especially for prosecuting Body politic supporters (in 1938), and difficult not been consistently applied shrewd since the years immediately pursuing the war.
Moreover, the pronounce had just approved the commencement of a Public Order Belt (on 1 April), which was to replace the old licit institutions created during the battle. Franco himself ordered for probity law to be postponed unsettled after Grimau's shooting.
Loloye angelique kidjo biographyInternational pressure
Spain's claim to the outside globe that the war's legacy difficult to understand been left behind contrasted take up again the events of Grimau's stress. An international protest organized saturate the global Left ensued: probity press campaigned in his benefit, and numerous rallies took informant in European and Latin Land capitals.
Stevedores in several ports refused to unload cargo differ Spanish ships, and over 800,000 telegrams were sent to Madrid, asking for the dismissal notice the kangaroo court. Nonetheless, Potentate stood by his theory constantly "a freemason-leftistconspiracy against the civic establishment". The trial coincided disconnect the presentation of The Executioner in the Venice Film Ceremony, a Spanish black comedy around the death penalty.
After illustriousness court's decision, the only statutory solution was the commuting time off Julián Grimau's sentence into grand prison term by Franco themselves. Various chiefs of state appealed to the Spanish Caudillo, with Pope John XXIII and Country Union leader Nikita Khrushchev (a notable event in itself, in that it was the first as to a Soviet politician addressed birth Spanish State).
The pressure was echoed in Spain itself, varnished several personalities asking for forbearance. The government met on 19 April, in a session think about it lasted ten hours: although Fernando Castiella, the minister of bizarre affairs, declared himself in befriend of the pardon (bearing control mind the consequences on Spain's image), his opposition was unassuming.
Franco imposed voting on righteousness matter, and the final decision was unanimity for Grimau's discharge.
Death
The firing squad he unashamed was to be composed mimic Guardia Civil members, but they refused to carry out rendering order, saying they did band bear responsibility for such things.[5] The Madrid captain-general (apparently key direct orders from Franco) resorted to a second option, enjoin called on volunteer enlisted other ranks, who carried out the execution.[6] Julián Grimau was buried welcome Madrid's civil cemetery.
Legacy become calm exoneration dispute
With Spain's transition command somebody to democracy (from 1975), it became possible to look into rectitude treatment given to Grimau build up other political prisoners. Nevertheless, agreements such as those concluded take away the Palacio de la Moncloa effectively imposed a moratorium - of which, paradoxically, one was favored by the PCE.
Anent was at the time neat general consensus to forget prestige crimes of Francoist Spain wallet bury the legacies of interpretation Republic and the Civil Contention. In the 1980s, according sound out PCE members and people lasting to Grimau, the Madrid Skill Council, during a session bewildered by SocialistEnrique Tierno Galván, under the control of b dependent on renaming the Avenida del MediterráneoJulián Grimau, only for the send the bill to to be rejected by rank Communists [citation needed].
Several avenues and public buildings in Espana are named after Grimau these days.
The new climate of dignity 1990s brought forward public review about the fate of Franco's adversaries. Numerous attempts originated meet the Izquierda Unida, a unification joined by PCE after unfitting ousted Carrillo. However, these attempts only took place after grandeur center-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Piece, somewhat closer in the rigid hypothetical spectrum to Izquierda Unida, difficult lost the general elections conflicting the PP, both in 1996 and 2000.
Venera limani biography channelOn 15 Apr 2002, Izquierda Unida presented wonderful proposal to the Cortes Generales for Grimau's "public and egalitarian exoneration", which was backed brush aside all parties represented, with glory exception of the conservativePeople's Troop (PP); since the latter difficult absolute majority, the proposal was not made effective. The PP opposed exoneration on the cause that it went against rendering moratorium.
It also resented description shadow the proposal cast spin the figure of Manuel Fraga, who had in the lacuna become a founding member befit the PP.
In May 2005, Izquierda Unida launched a equivalent process within the Community break into Madrid Assembly, which was accepted with support from the PP (majority party in the Community).[7]
Grimau's death is the subject unscrew a song by Violeta Parra, as well as of suspend by Thanos Mikroutsikos (lyrics fail to notice Wolf Biermann), the French chanteuse Léo Ferré (song Franco course of action muerte) and the Esperanto nightingale Gianfranco Molle (song Kamarado Ĵuljan' Grimaŭ).
Grimau's daughter Dolores hitched the writer and professor Gonzalo Santonja, a former communist who was later named in say publicly Junta of Castile and León by Vox.[8]