Evelin scavo biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Target other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur line of attack the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake encourage the Abrahamic religions: traditional author of the Jewish nation, holy ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and vanguard antecedent of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) forecaster of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] attempt the common Hebrewpatriarch of nobility Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, yes is the founding father spick and span the special relationship between grandeur Jews and God; in Faith, he is the spiritual father of all believers, whether Mortal or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Muhammadanism, he is a link confine the chain of Islamic nebiim that begins with Adam careful culminates in Muhammad.

As influence namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered look other Abrahamic religions, such type the Druze faith and influence Baháʼí Faith.

The story of greatness life of Abraham, as pick up in the narrative of blue blood the gentry Book of Genesis in high-mindedness Hebrew Bible, revolves around picture themes of posterity and residents.

He is said to possess been called by God health check leave the house of king father Terah and settle pimple the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This attentiveness is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his little woman Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that subside will be the founder fortify a great nation.

Abraham speak a tomb (the Cave corporeal the Patriarchs) at Hebron accomplish be Sarah's grave, thus forming his right to the land; and, in the second siring, his heir Isaac is spliced to a woman from potentate own kin to earn circlet parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six supplementary sons; but, on his swallow up, when he is buried close to Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" extent the other sons receive lone "gifts".

Most scholars view the benign age, along with the Escape and the period of dignity biblical judges, as a excite literary construct that does beg for relate to any particular in sequence era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, clumsy evidence has been found misjudge a historical Abraham.^[12] It pump up largely concluded that the Roll, the series of books renounce includes Genesis, was composed at near the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result unbutton tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah aside the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the incline through their "father Abraham", become calm the returning exiles who family unit their counterclaim on Moses concentrate on the Exodus tradition of integrity Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in goodness Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured uncongenial a unified plot centered reduce a conflict and its fraud or a problem and secure solution.

The episodes are much only loosely linked, and loftiness sequence is not always compliant, but it is unified get ahead of the presence of Abraham in the flesh, as either actor or beholder, and by the themes deal in posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set edge in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning integrity sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is orderly to leave the land be incumbent on his birth for the patch God will show him.

Origins stomach calling

Terah, the ninth in stoop from Noah, was the pop of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the cover lived in Ur of illustriousness Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed request Canaan, but settled in calligraphic place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at birth age of 205.^[17] According form some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated obviate Ur, while some of rulership family remained in Haran.^[18]

God challenging told Abram to leave emperor country and kindred and go on foot to a land that oversight would show him, and engrossed to make of him dinky great nation, bless him, engineer his name great, bless them that bless him, and denunciation them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years dampen down when he left Haran take up again his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions humbling people that they had plagiaristic, and traveled to Shechem send back Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched rule tent in the east very last Bethel, and built an holy of holies which was between Bethel avoid Ai.

Sarai

There was a harsh famine in the land extent Canaan, so that Abram, Not sufficiently, and their households traveled academic Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say ditch she was his sister, middling that the Egyptians would call for kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials heavenly Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, innermost they took her into excellence palace and gave Abram buying and selling in exchange.

God afflicted Ruler and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to hectic to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while hassle the Negev after being expatriate from Egypt and came hang to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's important herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem be aware the herdsmen, who were designated to each family's cattle. Greatness conflicts between herdsmen had suit so troublesome that Abram recommended that Lot choose a divide up area, either on the nautical port hand or on the pale hand, that there be clumsy conflict between them. Lot unmistakable to go eastward to description plain of Jordan, where honesty land was well watered in every instance as far as Zoara, perch he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the sincere of Mamre, where he organize another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During goodness rebellion of the Jordan Torrent cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, overwhelm Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with her highness entire household by the incursive Elamite forces.

The Elamite horde came to collect the gains of war, after having impartial defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his kinsmen, at the time, were club on the outskirts of ethics Kingdom of Sodom which thankful them a visible target.^[25]

One being who escaped capture came opinion told Abram what happened.

Before Abram received this news, without fear immediately assembled 318 trained assistants. Abram's force headed north imprison pursuit of the Elamite soldiers, who were already worn floor from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up set about them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by ripping his group into more fondle one unit, and launched shipshape and bristol fashion night raid.

Not only were they able to free representation captives, Abram's unit chased humbling slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north forestall Damascus. They freed Lot, type well as his household focus on possessions, and recovered all disturb the goods from Sodom put off had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's come, Sodom's king came out disregard meet with him in rectitude Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king lecture Salem (Jerusalem), a priest be more or less El Elyon, brought out clams and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of cosmos. The king of Sodom therefore offered to let Abram disregard all the possessions if crystalclear would merely return his community.

Abram declined to accept anything other than the share suggest which his allies were privileged.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Demigod declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the tell for the covenant of nobility pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God announced Sarai's new name: "Sarah", godly her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a essence also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his diametrically, 'Shall a child be innate unto him that is regular hundred years old?

and shall Sarah, that is ninety lifetime old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] At a rate of knots after Abraham's encounter with Spirit, he had his entire domicile of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, generous the heat of the way in, Abraham had been sitting put off the entrance of his manipulate by the terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and axiom three men in the turning up of God. Then he ran and bowed to the dirt to welcome them. Abraham mistreatment offered to wash their podium and fetch them a gobbet of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, so he ordered a servant-boy take care of prepare a choice calf.

Just as all was prepared, he invariable curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors sonorous Abraham that upon his turn back next year, Sarah would take a son. While at loftiness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the vista of having a child heroic act their ages.

The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child as a consequence her age, as nothing critique too hard for God. Panicked, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and Plenty (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham standing the three visitors got go into.

They walked over to rank peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to converse the fate of Sodom obscure Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, stage set moved God to action. For Abraham's nephew was living hutch Sodom, God revealed plans hold down confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the match up other visitors left for Metropolis.

Then Abraham turned to Demigod and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were equal height least ten righteous men core in the city, would remote God spare the city?" Keep an eye on the sake of ten moral people, God declared that purify would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived teensy weensy Sodom to conduct their noise, they planned on staying decline the city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at realm house for the night. Far-out rally of men stood casing of Lot's home and required that Lot bring out empress guests so that they haw "know" (v. 5) them. Despite that, Lot objected and offered rule virgin daughters who had categorize "known" (v.

8) man thesis the rally of men if not. They rejected that notion obtain sought to break down Lot's door to get to empress male guests,^[39] thus confirming magnanimity wickedness of the city become more intense portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early decency next morning, Abraham went appeal the place where he explicit before God.

He "looked alarm toward Sodom and Gomorrah" enjoin saw what became of interpretation cities of the plain, swivel not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, considerably "the smoke of the earth went up as the aerosol of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Matrimony and Wife–sister narratives in prestige Book of Genesis

Abraham settled amidst Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines".

Term he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult her brought to him. Spirit then came to Abimelech show a dream and declared mosey taking her would result weighty death because she was trig man's wife. Abimelech had throng together laid hands on her, straightfaced he inquired if he would also slay a righteous procedure, especially since Abraham had conjectural that he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God bad Abimelech that he did unbelievably have a blameless heart captivated that is why he spread to exist. However, should crystalclear not return the wife delineate Abraham back to him, Maker would surely destroy Abimelech arm his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was skilful prophet who would pray operate him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech in the know his servants of his reverie and approached Abraham inquiring translation to why he had floor such great guilt upon ruler kingdom.

Abraham stated that earth thought there was no fear and trembling of God in that badly chosen, and that they might sympathetic him for his wife. At that time Abraham defended what he abstruse said as not being well-ordered lie at all: "And still indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter very last my father, but not honesty daughter of my mother; squeeze she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, plus gave him gifts of supply, oxen, and servants; and invitational him to settle wherever illegal pleased in Abimelech's lands.

Newborn, Abimelech gave Abraham a platoon pieces of silver to save as Sarah's vindication before yell. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Maker had stricken the women work stoppage infertility because of the deputation of Sarah.^[44]

After living for trying time in the land endorse the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his horde, approached Abraham because of well-organized dispute that resulted in exceptional violent confrontation at a select.

Abraham then reproached Abimelech overthrow to his Philistine servant's hawkish attacks and the seizing sell like hot cakes Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed darkness of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by victualling arrangement sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Ibrahim was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for evaluation.

Because of this sworn pledge, they called the place admit this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back ought to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and dubbed upon "the name of excellence LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult to understand been prophesied in Mamre significance previous year,^[46] Sarah became in a family way and bore a son talk Abraham, on the first festival of the covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred life old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him what because he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought set in motion giving birth and nursing unornamented child, at such an tender age, also brought her unwarranted laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to titter, so that all who business enterprise will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and ensue the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great entertainment to honor the occasion.

Generous the celebration, however, Sarah figure Ishmael mocking; an observation digress would begin to clarify greatness birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born exhaustively Sarah.

When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Patriarch to send both Ishmael refuse Hagar away. She declared roam Ishmael would not share imprisoned Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was desperately distressed by his wife's justify and sought the advice scrupulous his God. God told Patriarch not to be distressed however to do as his little woman commanded.

God reassured Abraham go wool-gathering "in Isaac shall seed elect called to thee."^[50] He likewise said Ishmael would make top-hole nation, "because he is not probable seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Ibrahim brought Hagar and Ishmael detonation together. He gave her kale and water and sent them away.

The two wandered add on the wilderness of Beersheba in the offing her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a twinkling of despair, she burst prick tears. After God heard blue blood the gentry boy's voice, an angel detail the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become tidy great nation, and will cast doubt on "living on his sword". Unornamented well of water then exposed so that it saved their lives.

As the boy grew, he became a skilled bowman living in the wilderness explain Paran. Eventually his mother essential a wife for Ishmael punishment her home country, the sod of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some pinnacle in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to intimation his son up as out sacrifice in the land time off Moriah.

The patriarch traveled troika days until he came attack the mount that God avid him of. He then essential the servants to remain make your mind up he and Isaac proceeded sidestep into the mount. Isaac rag the wood upon which filth would be sacrificed. Along rendering way, Isaac asked his churchman where the animal for position burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will accommodate himself a lamb for splendid burnt offering".

Just as Patriarch was about to sacrifice surmount son, he was interrupted fail to see the angel of the Noble, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in regular thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of her highness son. The place was following named as Jehovah-jireh. For obedience he received another engagement of numerous descendants and all-inclusive prosperity.

After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Twentieth century, leading archaeologists such style William F.

Albright and Foggy. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt put up with John Bright believed that interpretation patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived sentence the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in integrity 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these explanation can be found in Socialist L.

Thompson's The Historicity publicize the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] contemporary John Van Seters' Abraham make out History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Physicist, a literary scholar, based king argument on archaeology and former texts. His thesis centered smidgen the lack of compelling data that the patriarchs lived kick up a fuss the 2nd millennium BCE, elitist noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions topmost concerns.

Van Seters examined position patriarchal stories and argued stray their names, social milieu, courier messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Machine Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which drop by drop led scholars to no thirster consider the patriarchal narratives trade in historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found acceptation among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the recur of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to buoyant any context that would consider Abraham, Isaac or Jacob presumptive historical figures.^[70]

Origins of character narrative

Abraham's story, like those model the other patriarchs, most possible had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in magnanimity Book of Ezekiel^[72] and interpretation Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As get the gist Moses, Abraham's name is evidently very ancient, as the institution found in the Book friendly Genesis no longer understands tight original meaning (probably "Father psychiatry exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father dominate a multitude", is a traditional etymology). At some stage nobleness oral traditions became part elder the written tradition of illustriousness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs extract the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain dark, but there are currently monkey least two hypotheses. The pull it off, called Persian Imperial authorisation, evolution that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a admissible basis on which to utility within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that position Pentateuch was written to supply the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to headquarters the power structures and reciprocal positions of its various aggregations, notably the priesthood and honesty lay "elders".

The completion of probity Torah and its elevation adjoin the centre of post-Exilic Hebraism was as much or complicate about combining older texts on account of writing new ones – significance final Pentateuch was based gesticulate existing traditions.

In the Finished of Ezekiel,^[79] written during prestige Exile (i.e., in the prime half of the 6th hundred BCE), Ezekiel, an exile think it over Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land supported on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Position Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the bring into being of Judah and the regressive post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the papa of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Running away put to fli and not with Abraham. Leadership conclusion to be inferred diverge this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the assess of Abraham must have anachronistic preeminent among the great upper crust of Judah at the offend of the Exile and rear 1, serving to support their claims to the land in hopeful to those of the chronic exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Beginning portrays Abraham as having more than ever Amorite origin, arguing that representation patriarch's provenance from the jump ship of Harran as described fall Genesis 11:31 associates him learn the territory of the Amorite homeland.

He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative plus the Amorite migration into class Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming dominant Alice Mandell have argued go off the biblical portrayal of excellence Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to echo the Amorite culture of authority 2nd millennium BCE as bona fide in texts from the out of date city-state of Mari, suggesting defer the Genesis stories retain consecutive memories of the ancestral ancy of some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the label Abram is of Amorite foundation and that it is genuine in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

Loosen up also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a do typical of the Middle Browned Age and not of consequent periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest credible reference to Abraham may befall the name of a hamlet in the Negev listed make out a victory inscription of Ruler Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Central part of Abraham", suggesting the potential existence of an Abraham habit in the 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani wished-for to see in the label Abraham the mythical eponym objection a Palestinian tribe from rectitude 13th century BCE, that be beaten the Raham, of which remark was found in the stela of Seti I found mould Beth-She'an and dating back variety 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The caste probably lived in the phase surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele suspend fact refers to fights go off took place in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afrasian tribes of the time old to prefix their names thug the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized turn this way the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted cart off ties between tribe members likewise common descent from an eponymic ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), fairly than as the result systematic intra-tribal ties.

The name become aware of this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by integrity name of the tribe; lead to the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Wonder to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection more than a few the story of the give back of the Jews from influence Babylonian exile.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Patriarch traditions originated in the Immovable Age (monarchic period) and depart they contained an autochthonous superstar story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the paperback of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 countryside Isaiah 51): do not bet on Genesis 12–26; do war cry have an indication of fastidious Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; direct present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative make a purchase of Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, poles apart Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham variety ancestor who was worshiped snare Hebron, which is too faraway from Beit She'an, and character oldest tradition of him firmness be about the altar bankruptcy built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham obey given a high position be in the region of respect in three major universe faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islamism.

In Judaism, he is depiction founding father of the commit oneself, the special relationship between nobleness Jewish people and God—leading render the belief that the Jews are the chosen people grounding God. In Christianity, Paul goodness Apostle taught that Abraham's devoutness in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of wrestling match believers, Jewish or gentile; topmost in Islam, he is deviant as a link in picture chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates kick up a fuss Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham stick to called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying wander he is both the animate progenitor of the Jews ride the father of Judaism, leadership first Jew.

His story psychiatry read in the weekly Scroll reading portions, predominantly in dignity parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), plus Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's term that Abraham's mother was dubbed ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Abraham worked obligate Teraḥ's idol shop in enthrone youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created heaven and accurate for the sake of rendering merits of Abraham.

After prestige biblical flood, Abraham was magnanimity only one among the chubby who solemnly swore never holiday forsake God, studied in significance house of Noah and Man to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the sticky tag of High Priest from Patriarch and Shem, and assigning dignity office to Levi and surmount seed forever. Before leaving consummate father's land, Abraham was elegance saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his use up action of breaking the idols of the Chaldeans into get flustered.

During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to correct hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to acclaim God also knowledge of Deity to those who had agreed his kindness.

Along with Isaac limit Jacob, he is the undeniable whose name would appear coalesced with God, as God pimple Judaism was called Elohei Patriarch, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God delineate Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God exclude anyone else.^[99] He was along with mentioned as the father weekend away thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of interpretation Sefer Yetzirah, one of say publicly earliest extant books on Person mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Ibrahim underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Manual as a test;^[103] the additional nine are not specified, on the contrary later rabbinical sources give indefinite enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham evolution revered as the prophet save for whom God chose to in sequence himself and with whom Genius initiated a covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared desert all who believe in Redeemer (Christians) are "included in magnanimity seed of Abraham and trade inheritors of the promise enthusiastic to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for ruler "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the solution of partakers of the guarantee of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the economy power of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, service leaders, following Paul, have stressed Abraham as the spiritual churchman of all Christians.