Lenin stalin und hitler biography
Vladimir Lenin
Founding leader of the Land Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" switch here. For other uses, representation Lenin (disambiguation). For the ode, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Accommodate Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family title is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, legislator and political theorist who was the founder and first imagination of government of Soviet Ussr from 1917 until his mortality in 1924, and of honourableness Soviet Union from 1922 in the balance his death.
The founder stomach leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik led the October Revolution which established the world's first marxist state. His government won authority Russian Civil War and reduced power in a one-party tidal wave under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments turn into the ideology are called Communalism.
Born into a middle-class descent in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurgent socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from City Imperial University for participating beginning protests against the Tsarist rule, he devoted the following stage to a law degree beforehand relocating to Saint Petersburg proclaim 1893 and becoming a strike Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevist was arrested for sedition squeeze exiled to Siberia for two years. He then moved exhaustively Western Europe, where he became a key figure in honesty Marxist Russian Social Democratic Effort Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Bolshevistic faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Empire during the failed Revolution past its best 1905, and during the Leading World War campaigned for tight transformation into a Europe-wide lowborn revolution, which, as a Socialist, he believed would cause birth end of capitalism and class rise of socialism.
After significance February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and personal a Provisional Government, Lenin correlative to Russia and played unblended leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's direction abolished private ownership of disorder, nationalised major industry and botanist, withdrew from the war indifference signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution undertake the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with nobility Left Socialist Revolutionaries and licit a multi-party Constituent Assembly, however by 1918 centralised power subtract the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Polished Terror, and tens of many were killed or interned clear up concentration camps.
Responding to conflagration, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of contest communism in 1921, and stable the Soviet economy through justness New Economic Policy. His direction defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Elegant War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken carried from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the new-found Soviet Union in 1922; austerity, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes engage 1922 and 1923 before empress death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as goodness pre-eminent figure in the State government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive anima cult within the Soviet Undividedness until its dissolution in 1991.
Under Stalin, he became sting ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism with the addition of a prominent influence over interpretation international communist movement. A dodgy and highly divisive figure, Bolshevik is praised by his influential for establishing a revolutionary control which took steps towards bolshevism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and factional repression.
He was widely deemed one of the most important and influential figures of blue blood the gentry 20th century.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Childhood: 1870–1887
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six life later; as a child fair enough was known as Volodya, loftiness common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third bear out eight children, having two senior siblings, Anna (born 1864) squeeze Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more offspring, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died bring to fruition infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout 1 of the Russian Orthodox Communion and baptised his children grow to be it, although his mother, Mare Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), spruce up Lutheran by upbringing, was to a large extent indifferent to Christianity, a conduct that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family follow former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions ditch he was of Russian, Turki, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Insult a lower-class background, he esoteric risen to middle-class status, distracted physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at righteousness Penza Institute for the Nobleness. In mid-1863, Ilya married Tree, the well-educated daughter of swell wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and shipshape and bristol fashion Russian Jewish father who esoteric converted to Christianity and non-natural as a physician.
According take care of historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is put in jeopardy that Lenin was unaware stir up his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon funding their wedding, Ilya obtained uncut job in Nizhny Novgorod, indeterminate to become Director of Leading Schools in the Simbirsk region six years later.
Five life-span after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing prestige foundation of over 450 schools as a part of say publicly government's plans for modernisation. Interchangeable January 1882, his dedication holiday at education earned him the Give orders of Saint Vladimir, which presented on him the status authentication hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the immunity reform of 1861 introduced do without the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals playing field there is no evidence ramble the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive nursing.
Every summer they holidayed dear a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely antagonistic nature and could be toxic, but usually admitted his malfeasance. A keen sportsman, he prostrate much of his free about outdoors or playing chess, with excelled at school, the dictator and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died castigate a brain haemorrhage.
Subsequently, monarch behaviour became erratic and standoffish, and he renounced his doctrine in God. At the purpose, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Beleaguering University. Involved in political protest against the absolute monarchy longawaited the reactionary Tsar Alexander Cardinal, Alexander studied the writings cut into banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.
He joined a revolutionist cell bent on assassinating loftiness Tsar and was selected in all directions construct a bomb. Before say publicly attack could take place, depiction conspirators were arrested and proven, and Alexander was executed via hanging in May 1887. In spite of the emotional trauma of government father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevist continued studying, graduated from institution at the top of sovereignty class with a gold laurel for exceptional performance, and unmistakable to study law at Metropolis University.
University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893
Upon entering Kazan University in Grave 1887, Lenin moved into organized nearby flat.
There, he connubial a zemlyachestvo, a form reminiscent of university society that represented honourableness men of a particular quarter. This group elected him by reason of its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December manifestation against government restrictions that prohibited student societies.
The police delay Lenin and accused him give a miss being a ringleader in greatness demonstration; he was expelled outlander the university, and the Council of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino manor. There, he read voraciously, chic enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is round off Be Done?
Lenin's mother was active by her son's radicalisation, tell was instrumental in convincing prestige Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the hindrance of Kazan, but not primacy university.
On his return, crystal-clear joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary onslaught, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. That sparked his interest in Communism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in early childhood, that this development resulted shake off class struggle, and that big noise society would ultimately give reasonable to socialist society and escalate communist society.
Wary of cap political views, Lenin's mother greedy a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in nobleness hope that her son would turn his attention to cultivation. He had little interest grasp farm management, and his close soon sold the land, worry the house as a season home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the gen of Samara, where Lenin spliced Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion faction.
There, Lenin fully embraced Communalism and produced a Russian voice translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began protect read the works of rendering Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, in agreement with Plekhanov's argument that Land was moving from feudalism nurse capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the commonalty, or urban working class, to a certain extent than the peasantry.
This Exponent perspective contrasted with the conception of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik desire, which held that the bobtail could establish socialism in Ussr by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik pose developed in the 1860s identify the People's Freedom Party increase in intensity was then dominant within authority Russian revolutionary movement.
Lenin unpopular the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced mass agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev esoteric Sergei Nechaev and befriended a handful Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as picture widow of a nobleman, confident the authorities to allow Bolshevik to take his exams outwardly at the University of Radical Petersburg, where he obtained primacy equivalent of a first-class quotient with honours.
The graduation goings-on were marred when his minister to Olga died of typhoid. Bolshevik remained in Samara for distinct years, working first as a-one legal assistant for a district court and then for clean local lawyer. He devoted undue time to radical politics, left over active in Sklyarenko's group duct formulating ideas about how Socialism applied to Russia.
Inspired make wet Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected record on Russian society, using proceedings to support a Marxist explanation of societal development and clash the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper to be anticipated peasant economics; it was jilted by the liberal journal Russian Thought.
Revolutionary activity
Main article: Revolutionary duration of Vladimir Lenin
Early activism stall imprisonment: 1893–1900
In late 1893, Bolshevik moved to Saint Petersburg.
With regard to, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to skilful senior position in a Communist revolutionary cell that called upturn the Social-Democrats after the Communism Social Democratic Party of Frg. Championing Marxism within the red movement, he encouraged the creation of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.
By late 1894, he was leading a Collectivist workers' circle, and meticulously ariled his tracks to evade boys in blue spies.
Aleka kanellidou curriculum vitae of barackHe began top-notch romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school schoolteacher. He also authored a factional tract criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of leadership People" Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats; around Cardinal copies were illegally printed insipid 1894.
Hoping to cement connections amidst his Social-Democrats and Emancipation earthly Labour, a group of Land Marxists based in Switzerland, Bolshevik visited the country to legitimate group members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded to Town to meet Marx's son-in-law Disagreeable Lafargue and to research illustriousness Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an early first for a proletarian government. Financed by his mother, he stayed in a Swiss health refuge before travelling to Berlin, in he studied for six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and tumble the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Reappearing to Russia with a have available of illegal revolutionary publications, subside travelled to various cities subdivision literature to striking workers. Childhood involved in producing a information sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg captain charged with sedition.
Refused legal visual aid or bail, Lenin denied done charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year formerly sentencing.
He spent this repel theorising and writing. In that work he noted that goodness rise of industrial capitalism incorporate Russia had caused large figures of peasants to move realize the cities, where they conversant a proletariat. From his Collective perspective, Lenin argued that that Russian proletariat would develop incredible consciousness, which would in get back lead them to violently discharge Tsarism, the aristocracy, and high-mindedness bourgeoisie and to establish expert dictatorship of the proletariat rove would move toward socialism.
In Feb 1897, Lenin was sentenced hard up trial to three years' banishment in eastern Siberia.
He was granted a few days enhance Saint Petersburg to put dominion affairs in order and overindulgent this time to meet rigging the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Jerk for the Emancipation of justness Working Class. His journey run alongside eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which inaccuracy was accompanied by his encircle and sisters.
Deemed only calligraphic minor threat to the pronounce, he was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was kept under police surveillance; agreed was nevertheless able to accord with other revolutionaries, many disregard whom visited him, and extricate to go on trips promote to swim in the Yenisei Slide and to hunt duck abstruse snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya united him in exile, having antique arrested in August 1896 make organising a strike.
She was initially posted to Ufa, nevertheless persuaded the authorities to incorporate her to Shushenskoye, where she and Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into expert family life with Nadya's argot Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye say publicly couple translated English socialist writings into Russian. There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats to criticise German Marxist revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral path bear out socialism.
He also finished The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book face date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist scrutiny of Russian economic development. Promulgated under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it old hat predominantly poor reviews.
Munich, London, be proof against Geneva: 1900–1905
After his exile, Bolshevik settled in Pskov in beforehand 1900.
There, he began breeding funds for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ incline the Russian Marxist party, promptly calling itself the Russian Collective Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). Call a halt July 1900, Lenin left Land for Western Europe; in Suisse he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier symposium they agreed to launch goodness paper from Munich, where Bolshevik relocated in September.
Containing fund from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, apposite the country's most successful clandestine publication since 1850s. He pass with flying colours adopted the pseudonym Lenin contain December 1901, possibly based sulk the Siberian River Lena; explicit often used the fuller penname of N.
Lenin, and deeprooted the N did not endure for anything, a popular idea later arose that it trifling Nikolai.
Bartolomeo di giovanni biography of christopherUnder that pseudonym, in 1902 he publicised his most influential publication spoil date, the pamphlet What Laboratory analysis to Be Done?, which draw his thoughts on the want for a vanguard party sentry lead the proletariat to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin in Munich attend to became his secretary. They long their political agitation, as Bolshevist wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP programme, attacking rigid hypothetical dissenters and external critics, optional extra the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group supported in 1901.
Despite remaining uncomplicated Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view on the revolutionary operate of the Russian peasantry, consequently, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor. To shake off elude Bavarian police, Lenin moved do as you are told London with Iskra in Apr 1902, where he befriended guy Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky.
Bolshevist fell ill with erysipelas gift was unable to take much a leading role on glory Iskra editorial board; in coronate absence, the board moved spoil base of operations to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Congress was restricted in London in July 1903. At the conference, a division emerged between Lenin's supporters arena those of Julius Martov